All endometriosis interventions

CBD has plenty of mechanistic interest and positive survey data, but the first proper RCT (DREAMLAND 2026, n=102, triple-blind) was negative — oral CBD did not beat placebo for post-surgical endo pain, and CBD had more adverse events. Survey data consistently shows 80%+ of users report pain relief, and animal models suggest CBD reduces endometriotic lesions and inflammation. ACOG concluded in 2024 that there is insufficient evidence to recommend cannabis products for gynaecological pain. The honest summary: plausible mechanism, popular in the community, but the first rigorous RCT disappointed.

Magnesium is a low-risk adjunct for endo-related pain, though most evidence comes from primary dysmenorrhoea rather than endo specifically. The strongest endo-specific evidence is the Pirnia 2020 RCT (n=163), where IV magnesium plus opioids reduced pain more than opioids alone. A 2024 review singled out endo pelvic pain as one of the few chronic pain conditions where IV magnesium evidence is genuinely good. Oral magnesium has decent but low-quality evidence for menstrual pain (2016 Cochrane review), and the 2026 Dutch consensus recommends co-prescribing magnesium hydroxide with all endo pain medications to prevent constipation.

Omega-3 has a split evidence picture. For primary dysmenorrhoea, multiple meta-analyses show moderate-to-large pain reduction with supplementation. For endometriosis specifically, a 2025 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs found no significant pain benefit — despite a clear reduction in inflammatory markers. The SAGE RCT (2020) in adolescents with endo actually found fish oil did slightly worse than placebo. Observational data suggests higher dietary omega-3 may lower endo risk. Low-risk and good for general health, but don't expect dramatic pain reduction. Typical effective doses in dysmenorrhoea trials: 300-1800mg EPA+DHA daily, with lower doses counterintuitively more effective.

Combined oral contraceptive pills are first-line medical therapy for endo-associated pain, endorsed by all 8 major international guidelines. A 2025 network meta-analysis found COCPs significantly reduce pelvic pain versus placebo, though progestins (especially dienogest) may edge them out. Continuous dosing is better than cyclic for dysmenorrhoea and endometrioma recurrence. Key safety considerations: a 2025 Danish cohort of 2 million women found COCPs double the risk of stroke and MI versus no use (though absolute risk remains low), and 44% of endo patients discontinue due to mood-related side effects. Newer estradiol- and estetrol-based COCPs may have better safety profiles.

Dienogest is a daily 2 mg progestin tablet developed specifically for endometriosis and licensed for that purpose across Europe, Japan, much of Asia, Latin America, and (since 2024) Australia. The evidence base for pain reduction is among the strongest of any endometriosis treatment, but a meaningful minority of people stop because of mood changes, irregular bleeding, or other progestin side effects.

The levonorgestrel IUS (Mirena) is one of the most-studied hormonal treatments for endo, particularly effective for patients who also have adenomyosis. A 2022 meta-analysis of 71 RCTs found strong pain reduction in adenomyosis; for endo specifically it's comparable to oral progestins or COCPs but with dramatically better real-world adherence — 91.5% of users continued treatment beyond 5 years versus 21.9% on oral options. Two recent safety signals warrant informed discussion: a 2025 Korean cohort (n=61,010) found a 38% increased breast cancer risk, and a 2024 Danish cohort (n=149,200) found a dose-dependent increased depression risk. A 2025 study found no increased kidney disease risk.

Naproxen is widely recommended as first-line medication for endo-associated pain by ACOG, NICE, ESHRE and others, with strong evidence for menstrual pain generally but surprisingly thin endo-specific evidence. The 2015 Cochrane review of 80 RCTs confirmed NSAIDs significantly outperform placebo for primary dysmenorrhoea. For endo specifically, the 2017 Cochrane review found only one small RCT (Kauppila 1985) and concluded evidence was insufficient — not because NSAIDs don't work, but because they've never been properly tested in endo. Naproxen has mid-range GI risk among NSAIDs (higher than ibuprofen, lower than ketorolac). Take with food, ideally before period onset, and consider adding a PPI for regular use.

Acupuncture has surprisingly decent evidence for endo-related pain. Multiple meta-analyses of RCTs show significant pain reduction versus controls, with electroacupuncture and auricular acupuncture showing the strongest effects. A 2024 Bayesian network meta-analysis ranked acupuncture among the top three non-pharmacological interventions for menstrual pain. The main caveats: most trials are small and Chinese, placebo-controlled effects are smaller than no-treatment-controlled effects, and benefits often fade after treatment stops. Reasonable option if accessible — low risk, moderate evidence.

Exercise likely helps endo symptoms but the story is more nuanced than often presented. Two recent meta-analyses (2023, 2025) show moderate pain reduction and quality-of-life improvements. However, the most rigorous RCT to date (Gabrielsen 2025, n=81) found supervised exercise plus pelvic floor training improved "current" pelvic pain but NOT "worst" pain — so exercise may help baseline symptom management rather than flare pain. For menstrual pain specifically, the 2019 Cochrane review found exercise reduced pain by about 25mm on a 100mm scale. Resistance and multi-component training have the best evidence; Pilates is particularly well-supported for dysmenorrhoea.

Topical heat is one of the most reliably effective non-pharmacological options for menstrual and endo pain. A 2018 meta-analysis found heating pads roughly comparable to NSAIDs for pain relief. The 2024 Bayesian network meta-analysis ranked heat among the top three non-pharmacological interventions for menstrual pain, alongside exercise and acupuncture. The classic 2001 RCT showed continuous heat patches matched ibuprofen 400mg three times daily, and combining them produced faster pain onset. Almost no research is endo-specific, but given heat is cheap, essentially risk-free, and reliably helpful for menstrual-type pain, it's a sensible first-line adjunct.

Osteopathy is a hands-on manual therapy that uses gentle techniques on muscles, joints, fascia, and abdominal organs to ease pain that has built up around endometriosis lesions, surgical scars, and a tight pelvic floor. Small studies and one decent randomised trial suggest it can meaningfully reduce pelvic pain and improve quality of life, but it doesn't treat the underlying lesions and the evidence base is much smaller than for hormonal or surgical options.

Pelvic floor physiotherapy is strongly endorsed for endo-associated pain, especially dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain. A 2024 national Delphi consensus reached universal agreement on PFPT as first-line treatment for high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction, which affects about 80% of women with chronic pelvic pain. Three endo-specific RCTs (Del Forno 2021, 2024; Gabrielsen 2025) show PFPT reduces superficial dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and objectively measured pelvic floor muscle tone. Cross-sectional data shows 75% of women with endo have increased pelvic floor tone. The biggest barrier is access — most patients who would benefit never see a specialist pelvic floor physiotherapist.

The low-FODMAP diet is the most rigorously studied dietary intervention for endometriosis — but specifically for the gastrointestinal symptoms that affect most endo patients, not pelvic pain directly. The 2025 EndoFOD RCT found 60% of endo patients responded to low-FODMAP versus 26% on a control diet, with significant improvements in abdominal pain, bloating, and quality of life. Multiple cohort studies replicate this. A 2026 clinical position paper cautions that low-FODMAP should be used only time-limited and professionally supervised, especially in patients with IBS-compatible symptoms, due to risks of nutritional deficiencies and disordered eating from long-term restriction.